Unix Standardization and Implementations: Introduction, Unix Standardization, UNIX System Implementation. File I/O: Introduction, File Description, open, create, read, write, close, fcntl functions. Files and Dictionaries: mkdir and rmdir functions, reading dictionaries, chdir, fchdir and getcwd functions. Device Special files. The Environment of a UNIX Process: Introduction, main function, Process Termination, Command-Line Arguments, Environment List, Memory Layout of a C Program, Shared Libraries, Memory Allocation, Environment Variables, setjmp and longjmp Functions, getrlimit, setrlimit Functions.